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07年考研英语考前冲刺系列讲座(二)

减小字体 增大字体 作者:佚名  来源:不详  发布时间:2007-8-13 4:41:19
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Text 3

  When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strong happened to the large animals; they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived, the large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction.

  Now something similar could be happening in the oceans that the seas are being over-fished has been known for years what researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods de not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) inanes fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative, one reason for this is that fishing technology has improved Today's vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago that means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since to baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around noise.

  Dr. Myers and Dr. worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the date support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the "shifting baseline". The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped form a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to de business.

31、The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that

A、 large animal were vulnerable to the changing environment

B、 small species survived as large animals disappeared

C、 large sea animals may face the same threat today.

D、 Slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones

32、who can infer form Dr Myers and Dr. Worm's paper that

A、 the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%

B、 there are only half as many fisheries are there were 15 years ago

C、 the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount

D、 the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisherish than in the old

33、By saying these figures are conservative (line in ,paragragf-3), Dr worm means that

A、 fishing technology has improved rapidly

B、 then catch-sizes are actually smaller then recorded

C、 the marine bio mass has suffered a greater loss

D、 the date collected so far are pit pf date.

34 、Dr Myers and other researchers hold that

A、people should look for a baseline that can't work for a longer time

B、fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomass

C、the ocean biomass should restored its original level.

D、people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situation.

35、The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries'

A、 management efficiency

B、 biomass level

C、 catch-size limits

D、 technological application.

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Text 4

  Many things make people think artists are weird and the weirdest may be this: artists' only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.

  This wasn't always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring as we went from Wordsworth's daffodils to Baudelaire's flowers of evil.

  You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery. But it's not as if earlier times didn't know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.

  After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.

  People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.

  Today the messages your average Westerner is bombarded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy .Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda--to lure us to open our wallets to make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. "Celebrate!" commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.

  What we forget--what our economy depends on is forgetting--is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It's a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.

36.By citing the example of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that

A. Poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music.

B. Art grow out of both positive and negative feeling.

C. Poets today are less skeptical of happiness.

D. Artist have changed their focus of interest.

37. The word "bummer" (Line 5. paragraph 5) most probably means something

A. religious  B. unpleasant  C. entertaining  D. commercial

38.In the author's opinion, advertising

A. emerges in the wake of the anti-happy part.

B. is a cause of disappointment for the general peer

C. replace the church as a major source of information

D. creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself.

39.We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes

A .Happiness more often than not ends in sadness.

B. The anti-happy art is distasteful by refreshing.

C. Misery should be enjoyed rather than denied.

D .The anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms

40.Which of the following is true of the text?

A Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.

B Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.

C People feel disappointed at the realities of morality.

D mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths

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Passage 1

〔背景介绍〕

       文章类型:人文科学,美国文化

       本文主要涉及美国民主的社会氛围。通过对移民本土化现象说明了美国文化的融合性。

〔结构分析〕

  第一段提到从三个方面会讲到美国种族融合的具体表现,第一个是大众传媒、第二个是广告、第三个是体育,这些是一些具体的力量,能够促进一致化,人种变得一致的因素。

  第二段主要是举一些数字例子来讲一下美国现在的外来人口移民融入美国社会和一百年前基本类似。最后提到要从三个方面考虑,第一个外来移民的语言问题,第二他们是否在美国拥有房子,第三种族之间的通婚。

  在后面的几段,又通过数字例子进行了论述。总体而言,还是提到美国人口的融入是一个普遍现象。

〔题目解析〕

21. [C] 词义题

  首先从词的构成来看,这个词由两个部分构成,第一部分是"homo",这表示"相同的",后面有一个"genizing",这个词缀表示和它统一,表示基因上或者其他方面的一致,通过这个词你可以大概知道这个词的大概意思是表示"类似"或者"相同"的意思。其次即使考生不认识,通过上文的 in spite of (表征让步,后面连接的词肯定和它表述的意思相反),可得知本词应和difference是反义词;我们还可以从下文的解释中找到同义词 "uniformity"。因此本题应选择答案C "assimilating"。

22. [A] 细节事实题

  根据题干中的19世纪定位到第一段。B和C明显与原文相反,而D选项又是我们命题专家惯用的一种诱惑手段---因果颠倒,乍一看都是文中讲述过的,但是他把原因作结果讲了,因此也是错误的,这需要考生仔细阅读选项。因此该题选A。另外根据我们的解题思路无法确定就和文章或者段落的主题相联系,哪个最接近,那个就是正确答案。以本题为例,首段是典型的总分总结构,当中举出商场这个例子,例子不重要,为了还是说明主题美国文化的特点--同化性。一看选项只有A相关,当然应该毫不犹豫的选择选项A。

23. [C] 推理题

  题干中有明确的定位信息"immigrants now in the U.S.",这就降低了本题的难度,快速定位到第二段。选项A与二段第二句"nor resistant to assimilation"明显相反;选项B与二段首句"not be altogether elevating"相反;文中只讲述了三个同化的标志"language, home ownership and intermarriage."并没有提及人口的问题,因此选项D是一个文中未提及的信息;选项C就是二段首句"but is hardly poisonous."的同义替换。

24. [D] 细节题

  是一道细节事实题,但也可以把它看成是一道例证题,"children in remote villages around world are fans of superstars" 说明文化已经影响到了全世界每一个偏僻的角落,当然D就是正确答案。A选项还是具有一定的诱惑性,但是由于他没有出现文章的核心概念"文化",因此把他排除。B&C明显与原文相反。

25. [B] 作者态度题

  就问美国社会对于移民的融入过程是成功还是失败还是什么情况,它的过程应该讲是比较成功的。它从三个方面讲到美国种族之间的通婚比例是比较高,美国移民到第三代的时候基本上完全忘掉了原来的语言,同时新移民的家庭一般高于50%的人都拥有自己的房子,说明他们在美国大陆已经定居了,所以25题的正确答案应该选择B。它说作者的意见中移民进入美国社会的这样一种融合是什么样的,也就是说它现在让你根据文章的意思看一下融合问题是什么样的。A是有回报的或者值得的、值当的。B是成功的。原文中我们看到作者描述的是移民进入美国社会、融入美国社会的过程很成功,但是没有讲到这个融入过程对于美国社会或者对于移民本身有什么回报。这个题难就难在A和B两个词都是正面意思,很多同学在这两个正面意思之间不知道如何取舍。但是要注意虽然是正面意思,但是不一定完全和题目讲到的东西相关。整个题目是讲融合的成功,而不是说融合成功后会有什么样的回报的问题。

Passage 2

〔背景介绍〕

  文章类型:社会科学,经济学

  本文主要叙述莎士比亚的故乡Stratford-on-Avon城,其皇家莎士比亚公司与城市居民之间的抵触情绪,关键还是对于Stratford-on-Avon利益贡献程度的一种争议。

〔结构分析〕

  第一段开门见山论述莎士比亚的故乡Stratford-on-Avon城中有两个敌对的分支--皇家莎士比亚公司与城市居民。

  第二段论述了两群人对于经济利益及地方发展上有一些的不同的观点。

  第三、四段论述来到莎士比亚故居访问的人有两类人,一类是观光客,还有一类是专门来看戏的。

  最后两段论述这个剧团现在是有点亏损了,但是当地的政府不愿意补贴给剧团费用。有一个方法就是要涨价,但是作者在最后一段用一个很明显的词儿"shame",说这是一件令人羞辱的事情,说明这是行不通的办法。

〔题目解析〕

26. [A] 细节事实题

  这道题目也是近几年考研中经常出现的题型,乍一看是细节题,但还是要求考生从总体把握文章的框架结构。从前两段文章都是在论述皇家莎士比亚公司与城市居民之间的抵触情绪。A城镇居民拒绝承认皇家莎士比亚公司对小镇做出的贡献是同义替换。文中并没有提及演员在舞台下也模仿莎士比亚,因此B错误;C又是常见的诱惑手段,它偷换了概念,文中是讲述RSC和居民的矛盾,而不是RSC本身内部分为两派,因此C也是一个错误选项;D明显于原文相反,我们的居民从旅游业中获益是很大的,而不是几乎没有。

27. [B] 推理题

  根据题干明显定位到第三段。本段讲述来到莎士比亚故居访问的人有两类人,一类是观光客,还有一类是专门来看戏的,作者引用别人的观点来说明,观光客一般来说不看戏,同时也不一定晚上在这个地方逗留,但是看戏的人一般都会在这个地方消费,在这个地方住一个晚上有可能去饭馆吃饭之类的,还说有些人甚至是住上四、五个晚上。通过这句话其实作者在间接的说明一个问题,这些看戏的人可能对当地的经济贡献更加大一些,言下之意就是说剧团对当地经济比居民开的饭馆末、开的酒店对当地经济拉动更大一些。因此选项B看戏的人比观光者花费更多的钱是原文的同义替换。A是原文中未提及的信息,而C和D都明显于原文相反。

28. [C] 词义推理题

  这道词义题出得相对比较简单,从"cry poor"字面意思理解为哭穷,如果真的解释为穷的话,就不会出考题了。而且后文中说著名的希尔顿酒店也要在这个地方开业了,内部装饰及其奢华,很明显这个当地经济并不是十分贫困。因此A、B、D选项都是穷的意思,当然都是错误的,只有C选项这个城镇并非真正缺钱是同义替换。

29. [D] 细节事实题

  这是一道细节事实题,通过题干定位到原文的倒数第二段,关键还是审题,作者问的是城镇居民的观点。文中说了因为来看戏的人数已经打破了同期的历史纪录,而且今年人数还会增加,当然就不需要再增加津贴了。因此选项D同义替换,A选项与原文相反,现在不能提升票价;选项B经营不善和选项C 表演不能被接受都是文中未提及的信息。

30. [D] 作者态度题

  作者在第二段最后一句话提到,其实这个事情是有点讽刺意味的,想想现在这个镇子上的居民之所以过上比较舒适的生活是因为莎士比亚,而莎士比亚当年可能就是这样的模样,留着长头发、留着胡子,同时可能整天吵吵闹闹。通过这样的介绍,大家可以看到在莎士比亚皇家剧团和当地居民的争论中作者的观点其实是更赞同艺术家的。还有作者在最后一段用一个很明显的词儿"shame",说这是一件令人羞辱的事情,它认为艺术本身就会让很多年轻人跑掉,年轻人看不起戏了,也不能普及戏剧了。通过这一点来看,我们依然可以看到作者在两个群体对立之中,在剧团与当地居民的对立之间更加倾向于剧团。因此选择D选项。

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Passage 3

〔背景介绍〕

  文章类型:自然科学,生态学

  从文章分类上来说是一个自然科学关于生态方面的文章,这是今年四篇文章中唯一的一篇自然科学的问题。讲述了一个很简单的现象--渔业过渡捕捞会导致鱼群大量衰减。

〔结构分析〕

  第一段还是用常见的类比方法,作为一个引子为了引出第二段的文章主题。

  第二、三段用具体的数据说明当前的问题--鱼群数量在锐减。

  第四段给我们提出建议,应该转换基线,关注biomass level。

〔题目解析〕

31. [C] 细节事实题

  这种题型近两年每年必考,就是问引子的作用。第一段讲到了历史上的一个情况,就是说当史前人类到达一个新世界的地方,对于大型动物有一个很奇怪的事情就发生了,就是这些大型动物很快就灭绝,小动物会生存下来。按理说应该是小动物首先灭绝,因为它抵御风险的能力高一些。为什么大动物首先灭绝呢?后面又讲到了,大动物是很容易被人捕捉到的。其实是用这样的情况类比在海洋渔业中发生的情况。海洋渔业中我们人类首先捕的是大鱼,所以大鱼灭绝速度也要快一些。因此A和B选项属于以事论事肯定错误;D选项属于一种无中生有的比较;C选项大型海洋类动物今天也面临相同的威胁是同义替换。考生们一定要记住,引子不是为了说明引子,是为了引出文章主题的,也就是为了说明主题的。

32. [A] 推理题

  首先从题干定位到原文的第二段。在论文中里,这两个博士提到了新的渔场在开始开发15年之内鱼的数量平均下降了80%。在某些长期捕捞的渔场里,鱼的数量自从那个时候,又下降了一半。意思就是说原来只剩20%了,现在再下降一半,那就是说有些长期捕捞的渔场的数量下降了90%。A选项大型的食肉鱼类的数量在某些渔场减少了90%是同义替换。B选项今天渔场的数量是15年的一半这是文中未提及的信息;C选项在新的渔场捕鱼的数量只是原先的20%,文中没有讨论过捕鱼数量,而是讨论的海洋中鱼的数量,这还是偷换概念;D选项属于一种无中生有的比较,文中没有就新旧渔场进行过比较。

33. [C] 细节事实题

  根据题干定位到原文第三段,前文中讲现在大型食肉鱼类数量在锐减,紧接着在说这个数据还是有保留性的,后文继续论述因为今天的科技远比50年前的先进(即说明今天探明的数量是更精确的,而50年的探明的数量只是真正数量其中一部分,换而言之,实际减少的数量要比我们统计的数据还要多)。因此C选项为同义替换。选项A"捕鱼技术飞速发展"和选项B"实际捕鱼数量比统计的要少"都是文中未提及的信息;选项D"收集的数据只是部分数据"与原文相反,今天的数据应该是相当精确的。

34. [D] 细节事实题

  选项A"should look for a baseline"与末段首句矛盾,文中说他们已经给出了一个正确的基线,因此不需要再去寻找了;选项B"低于50%"与原文倒数两句话明显相反;选项C"海洋生物数量应该恢复到原始阶段"是文中未提及的信息,而且与文中的50%也不匹配。选项D"人们应该根据不断变化的情况来调整捕渔业的基线"是原文末段第二句"shifting baseline"的同义替换。

35. [B] 主旨题

  这还是一道篇章性的问题,这篇文章从第二段开始都是围绕(单位面积或体积内)生物的数量来展开讨论的,当然是选择B。选项A"高效的管理";选项C"捕鱼数量的限制"和选项D"运用科技"都是文中未提及的信息。

Passage 4

〔背景介绍〕

  文章类型:人文科学,艺术表达形式的变化

  本文主要谈论对于艺术表达形式的纵向比较,在以前艺术都是歌颂美的意念,但是从19世纪以来艺术正好转向了,从歌唱或者赞颂,描写生活中美的一方面,转向为看生活中一些丑恶的一方面。

〔结构分析〕

  第一段首先提出了人们今天对于艺术家们的评论,认为他们只关注生活中不好的一面。

  第二、三段论述过去到今天的变化过程,从关注美到关注丑。

  后四段主要是分析为什么会有这个变化的原因。主要原因是现在不缺乏歌颂美丽的东西,它提到现在的商业社会广告还有一些商业活动永远是歌颂美的东西。这种情况下艺术要起到一定的反作用,提醒我们人生是有苦难的。

〔题目解析〕

36. [D] 例证题

  例证题解题还是关注前面或后面的观点,即使读不懂什么叫华兹华斯转向波德莱尔,从水仙花转向恶之花,这都无所谓。我们向上找到这个例子支持的观点就是从原本歌颂"美"到今天视"美"为枯燥乏味的变化过程。这样就可以很轻松的找出正确答案为D"艺术变换了其关注的焦点"。

37. [B] 词义题

  返回原文在bummer后面找到一个"too",只是表征上下文是并列平行关系的词。再看上一句出现了"peril(危险)""worm(可怜的人)"都是一些表征不好的词,那么根据并列平行原则bummer也应该是一个不太好的意思。A"宗教的" 和D"商业的"是中性的词; C"愉快的"是褒义词都不能选。只有B"不愉快的"表征不好的意思,为正确答案。

38. [D] 细节事实题

  通过题干中的广告定位到原文第四段,文中讲到"反幸福的艺术浪潮实际上是紧跟着大众传播媒体(就是广告)的出现而出现的,随之而来的结果是我们的商业文化已经表明幸福不再是我们的理想,而是我们的社会意识形态了"。选项A属于因果颠倒,文章当中是反幸福的艺术形式跟随广告出现而不是广告跟随反幸福的艺术形式;选项B"广告是我们普通人失望的理由",文中根本没有提及人们现在有没有失望,这属于无中生有;选项C"替代了教堂作为我们今天主要的信息源泉"还是一个文中未提及的信息。选项D"广告创建了一个对于幸福的幻想而不是真正的幸福"是四段末句的同义替换。

39. [B] 推理题

  选项A"幸福时常是以悲伤作为结局的"这是一个与原文风牛马不相及的答案,关键考生还是要认识词组"more often than not"解释为"时常";选项C"我们应该享受痛苦而不是拒绝它"该选项还是具有较大的诱惑性,我们从原文中倒数第二句"Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it."得知幸福不是拒绝而是忍受它,而不是选项中所说的享受,这是词义的曲解。即live with:To put up with; resign oneself to;enjoy:To receive pleasure or satisfaction from。选项D"经济繁荣会促使反幸福艺术的发展"经济繁荣是一个文中未提及的信息。再看全文末句"It's a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air."译为:反幸福的艺术告诉我们的尽管苦涩,却带来一股令我们清醒的清新气息。选项B "distasteful"对应原文中的"more bitter";"refreshing"对应"a breath of fresh air",因此选择B。  

40. [A] 判断题

  选项B"艺术在预期和现实中起了一个平衡作用"和选项C"人们对于当前的道德现状很失望" 是文中未提及的信息;选项D"大众媒体倾向于报道灾难和死亡"与原文明显相反,文中论述大众媒体都报道美的一面。选项A"宗教曾经起着提醒人们痛苦的作用"对应与原文的第五段,为原文的同义替换。


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