1999年全国硕士研究生考试英语试卷及答案

ng of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a dis- cipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contempo- rary world. 73) During this transfer , traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.

　　Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 74 ) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. His-

　　torians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of "tun- nel method , " frequently fall victim to the "technicist fallacy. " Also common in the natural sci- ences , the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. 75 ) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and intemal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their ac- tivity with specific techniques.

　　Part V Writing (15 points)

　　76 . Directions:

　　A. Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay in at least 150 words.

　　B. Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ.

　　C. Your essay should cover these three points:

　　l . effect of the country's growing human population on its wildlife

　　2 . possible reason for the effect

　　3 . your suggestion for wildlife protection

　　参考答案：

　　1. D 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. A

　　6. D 7. B 8. D 9. C IO. A

　　11. D, were 12. D, saving

　　13. C, family-run 14. C, environmental

　　15. B, that 16. A, in

　　17. C, to make 18. D, skinned

　　19. B, great 20. D, until

　　21. A 22. D 23. C 24. B 25. A

　　26. C 27. A 28. B 29. D 30. C

　　31. C 32. B 33. D 34. C 35. C

　　36. B 37. A 38. B 39. D 40. B

　　41. D 42. A 43. B 44. A 45. B

　　46. C 47. D 48. C 49. A 50. D

　　51. B 52. C 53. A 54. D 55. A

　　56. C 57. D 58. B 59. B 60. D

　　61. C 62. A 63. B 64. C 65. D

　　66. A 67. A 68. B 69. D 70. A

　　71．几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。

　　72．人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。

　　73．在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。

　　74．所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。

　　75．这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。

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